Toxic Chemicals in Feminine Hygiene Products: What No One Tells You (But Should!)

Most of us assume that if a product is sold in stores, it must be safe. Unfortunately, that’s far from the truth. Many feminine hygiene products contain toxic chemicals like PFAS, parabens, phthalates, dioxins, bleach and even heavy metals. For example, did you know that nearly half of pads and and period underwear contain PFAS "forever chemicals"? All these substances can disrupt hormones, increase cancer risk, and irritate sensitive areas.

With the average person using 11,000 tampons in their lifetime, prolonged exposure to potentially toxic ingredients raises serious health concerns. Yet, ingredient transparency is almost nonexistent.

In this article we will pull back the curtain on what's really lurking in your menstrual products, how it impacts your health, and share safer, non-toxic alternatives to protect your health.

But it’s not just our pads and tampons we need to rethink—everyday items like certain fabrics, plastics, and body-care products can also bring harmful chemicals into our bodies. We’ll explore those, too, so you can reduce your toxic load from all angles.

Image by Monika Kozub on Unsplash

What Toxic Ingredients are in Feminine Hygiene Products?

Most of us do not realise that manufacturers aren't required to disclose all ingredients in tampons, pads or liners. These products are often made from a blend of natural and synthetic absorbent fibres, plastics, adhesives, cotton and rayon, and many contain toxic chemicals that can be absorbed into your body.

Harmful Chemicals to Watch Out For:

Dioxins: Linked to Cancer and Reproductive Issues

• Dioxins are byproduct of the chlorine bleaching process used in the production of rayon. Classified as highly toxic carcinogens by the WHO they have also been linked to immune system damage, reproductive issues like endometriosis and hormone disruption.

• Not to mention that once these chemicals enter the body, they persist for years and accumulate with continued exposure, meaning even low exposure can build up overtime.

• While manufactures have switched to chlorine-free bleaching, trace amounts of dioxins can still be found in some tampons.

PFAS: Found in Pads and Tampons

• Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals used to increased absorbency and prevent leaks. PFAS are endocrine disruptors, liked to hormone imbalances, fertility issues, weakened immune system and can increase your cancer risk. These chemicals are persistent in the environment and the human body once injested, hence their nickname "forever chemicals"

• A study reporting that 48% of sanitary pads, 22% of tampons, and 65% of period underwear contain PFAS, highlights how prominent these chemicals are in menstrual products!

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs): The Hormone Disruptor

• EDCs including phthalates, phenols, and parabens are found in synthetic fibres and adhesives used in menstrual products.These chemicals mimic hormones, causing irregular cycles, and could leading to reduced fertility, developmental problems and conditions including endometriosis

• A 2023 study confirmed menstrual products contain measurable levels of EDCs, making them a significant route of exposure.

Pesticide Residues in Non-Organic Cotton

• Non organic cotton is heavily pretreated with pesticides, herbicides and defoliants (a chemical that removes the leaves from trees and plants). Pesticides are neurotoxins and carcinogens, increased exposure may potentially lead to neurological disorders and increased cancer risk

• Amongst other chemicals, the herbicide glyphosate has been detected in tampons - One Argentinian study found that most of the cotton derived from feminine care products including tampons and pads, contained this chemical.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Found in Scented Products

• VOCs like toluene and xylene, are commonly found in fragranced menstrual products, and have been associated with headaches, dizziness, hormone disruption and cancer risks.

• A 2021 study, found that tampon users were at higher risk of VOC exposure than pad users.

Heavy metals: Even "Organic" Tampons Aren't Safe

• Trace amounts lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic have been found in tampons (even in "organic" brands).

• Despite being found a low levels, these neurotoxins can have a cumulative effect damaging the nervous system, organs and increasing cancer risk.

Dr Andrea Milbourne, gynaeocologist at the MD Anderson Cancer Cancer says " Just because something is advertised as 'natural' doesn't mean its better for you, even organic tampons studied contained heavy metals"

Other Feminine Hygiene Products and Their Risks

Vaginal Douching: A Toxic Myth

Marketed as a “freshness fix,” douching disrupts vaginal pH, strips away protective bacteria, and increases infection risk. Worse, 67% of douches contain parabens, 41% phthalates, and many use formaldehyde-releasing preservatives—all linked to hormonal disruption and irritation.

💡 Did you know? Women using glycerin-based douches face triple the risk of HIV transmission due to weakened vaginal defenses.

Better Alternative: Skip the douches. Your vagina is self-cleaning. If irritation is an issue, look for pH-balanced, fragrance-free cleansers or breathable organic cotton underwear instead.

Anti-Itch Creams and NSAIDs: Relief or Risk?

Over-the-counter vaginal anti-itch creams aren’t as harmless as they seem. Many contain corticosteroids, which thin vaginal tissue, making it 2.7x more absorbent to chemicals. Even so-called "natural" options often hide methylisothiazolinone, a 2024 allergen of the year, linked to severe skin reactions.
Also pain relievers (like ibuprofen) may ease cramps but can damage gut health, disrupt hormone metabolism, and increase the risk of autoimmune conditions.

💡 Better Alternative: Instead of reaching for drugstore creams, try plant-based gels with quercetin phytosomes—clinically shown to reduce histamine response by 89% without steroids.
For pain relief consider holistic methods — like heat therapy, magnesium supplements, or herbal remedies—and consult with a healthcare professional for persistent discomfort.

Hidden Risks Beyond Menstrual Products

While pads, tampons, and douches are a significant source of toxic chemical exposure, they aren’t the only culprits. Everyday items—from underwear and shampoo to plastics—can also compromise vaginal and overall health. Here’s a quick rundown:

1. Polyester Clothing
   Polyester underwear may look appealing but exposes you to toxic chemicals like antimony, a known carcinogen. It can also trap moisture, irritating the sensitive vaginal area.
   Safer Swap: Switch to breathable natural fibers like organic cotton or bamboo to reduce irritation and chemical exposure.

2. Shampoos & Conditioners
   Conventional haircare products often hide phthalates, parabens, and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)—all potential endocrine disruptors.
   Safer Swap: Look for phthalate-free and paraben-free products with plant-based formulas to cleanse effectively without adding to your toxic load.

3. Pesticides in Produce
   Hormone-disrupting chemicals like glyphosate and atrazine are common in non-organic farming. Beyond affecting our food, these pesticides can accumulate in the body, potentially worsening hormonal imbalances.
   Safer Swap: Whenever possible, choose organic fruits and veggies or thoroughly wash (i.e. with baking soda) and soak conventional produce to reduce pesticide residues.

4. Plastics Everywhere
   Even “BPA-free” plastics may contain BPS or BPF, which can still disrupt hormones. These chemicals leach into food and drinks, especially when heated.
   Safer Swap: Opt for glass or stainless-steel containers and water bottles to minimize plastic exposure.

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The Hidden Risks of Menstrual Products: Health Concerns

You shouldn't have to second-guess what's in your period products, with the average exposure time being 4-8 hours, it is important you know exactly what is in your products! Especially as the vaginal mucous membranes (the cell lining of vagina) absorb substances quickly, although ideal for medication delivery, this can put us more at risk with all these hidden chemicals in our period products and also affect our vaginal microbiome!

Potential Health Risks:

Endocrine Disruption & Reproductive Concerns

• Many chemicals in feminine hygiene products like PFAS and EDCs (pthalates, parabens and phenols), are endocrine disruptors. These chemicals interfere with your body's hormone regulation, causing hormone imbalances, leading to irregular menstrual cycles, reduced fertility, and even conditions like endometriosis.

• Studies confirm tampon use for 14 years or more was associated with endometriosis risk!

Cancer risk

• Certain chemicals like dioxins, heavy metals, PFAS, pesticides and VOCs not only result in an increased risk of cancer risk but these chemicals cause also cause organ damage, and many other issues. While these substances may be present in small amounts, studies indicate that cumulative exposure can still significant increase the risk of developing cancer overtime.

Skin Irritation and Allergic Reactions

• Pads and tampons contain fragrances and synthetic fibres that can leave you feeling irritated, and (can even cause dermatitis!)- especially for those with sensitive skin. They do this by disrupting the natural pH balance of your vaginal area - some feminine wash products can do this too/1

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

• TSS is a rare but life-threatening condition linked to certain tampon materials, causing symptoms like high fever, vomiting, and a rash. It is crucial that if you are a tampon user, you follow the guidelines i.e changing them every 4-8 hours to mimimize this risk.

The environmental impact of menstrual products

The harm from menstrual products isn't just personal - it's global. Every year, billions of pads, tampons, and panty liners are thrown away contributing to environmental pollutions. Creating colossal environmental waste and causing microplastics in our water supplies! This widespread issue is a focus of environmental health sciences, that examine how chemicals pollute our soil and water supplies - contaminating ecosystems and affecting marine wildlife too.

Plastic Waste from Menstrual Products

• Did you know - 3 billion disposable menstrual products are used every year in the UK alone, with 200,000 tonnes of menstrual waste ending up in landfill annually!

• A single pack of 14 menstrual pads contains as much plastic as 5 carrier bags! Not to mention that is takes between 500-800 years to naturally decompose

• If 20% of people in the EU used reusable menstrual products, it could prevent 100 tonnes of waste, every year! Which is an unbelievable stat!

Why aren't menstrual products better regulated?

If these products are so harmful, why hasn't anything been done as it effects global and community health? The short answer: lack of oversight, outdated taboos, and a history of prioritizing convenience over safety

• No Pre-market Testing: Unlike food or drugs, menstrual products arent required to do safety testings. They are classified in a regulatory grey area - one that benefits manufacturers, not consumers

• Hidden Ingredients: Companies aren't legally required to disclose all ingredients in feminine care products, meaning consumers have no idea what's in their products. Vague terms like "fragrance" or "absorbent materials" keeping us in the dark!

• Stigma Over Safety: For decades, marketing has focused on making period products ultra-thin and discreet rather than ensuring they're free from toxic chemicals.

• Advocacy for Change: Activists are fighting for stronger regulations like Menstrual Product Rights to Know Act, which force companies to be transparent about their ingredients

Did you know? The FDA (not EPA) oversees menstrual products but doesn’t require premarket safety reviews - a loophole benefiting manufacturers There is an urgent need for routine health risk assessments to improve human health!

How to protect yourself: Safer Choices and Alternatives

The good news? You can make informed choice and take steps to minimize your exposure to harmful chemicals by choosing better non-toxic options.

Practical tips to take control of your health!

1. Choose Safer Products

   • Look for organic cotton, chlorine-free and hypoallergenic labels

   • Avoid menstrual products with artificial scents or dyes. Ditch wipes and sprays and opt for fragrance-free

   • Check for third-party certifications like GOTs or OKEO-TEX, which ensure products meet strict safety requirements

2. Research brands for transparency

   • Some brands openly disclose their ingredients. If you are unsure, do a quick search on their website to verify transparency

Image by Monika Kozub on Unsplash

Sustainable and Healthier Alternatives to Consider:

Making the switch to more non-toxic, sustainable menstrual products can protect you from endocrine disruptors and the planet, some great options to consider include:

• Menstrual cups: Made from medical-grade silicone, they're eco-friendly, reusable, chemical-free. I have a mooncup, and would never go back! Some other brands to consider include DivaCup* and Saalt *

  "Switching to a menstrual cup was a game-changer for me" says Alex Bee, writer at Beauty Bay. "Not only am I reducing waste, but also feel more in tune with my body."

• Reusable cloth pads: Eco-friendly, customizable and comfortable. Made from non-toxic fabrics, these pads are ideal for light or heavy flows.

• Period underwear: Convinient and chemical-free, brands like Diva are popular choices - but research to see if they contain PFAS! Also, avoid period underwear made of polyester and instead look for more natural fibres to further reduce your exposure!

Alternative Period Products Comparison

Alternative Product	Description	Potential Benefits	Pros	Cons
Menstrual Cups	Reusable cups made of medical-grade silicone or rubber	Reduced waste, fewer chemicals, long-lasting	Can be worn for up to 12 hours, comfortable for many people, suitable for swimming, cost-effective in the long term	Limited size options, can be challenging to learn how to use, silicone is not biodegradable and difficult to recycle
Reusable Pads	Washable pads made from cotton, bamboo, or hemp, often with a combination of natural and synthetic materials	Reduced waste, fewer chemicals, comfortable	Gender-neutral designs, various sizes and materials available, breathable, often made with non-toxic materials, can be used for incontinence	Can be expensive initially, may require more frequent changing than disposables, washing and drying can be inconvenient
Period Underwear	Absorbent underwear designed to be worn without additional products	Convenience, comfort, reduced waste	Gender-neutral, easy to use, comfortable and moisture-wicking	High upfront cost, can be made of non-biodegradable synthetic fibers, some may contain PFAS
Organic Tampons and Pads	Disposable products made with organic cotton	Biodegradable, fewer chemicals	Reduced environmental impact, less exposure to potentially harmful chemicals	Can be more expensive than conventional options, may not be as widely available

Debunking myths about menstrual products

When it comes to period products there is a lot of misinformation floating around. Let's address some common misconceptions:

Myth 1 : "All pads and tampons are tested for safety"

• Most menstrual products aren't tested for safety before being sold. Unlike cosmetics, food and drugs, there is no federal requirement to test menstrual products. But you can protect yourself by choosing brands that are transparent about their ingredients.

Myth 2: "Reuseable products aren't hygienic"

• False! When properly cleaned and maintained, reusable menstrual products like menstrual cups, cloth pads, and period underwear can be just as hygienic - if not more - than disposables.

Myth 3: "Menstrual cups can cause infections"

• It is true, menstrual cups have equal UTI risk to tampons but only if improperly cleaned ! When cleaned well with mild soap, and sterilised between cycles, menstrual cups are a safe option. They can reduce your exposure to chemicals found in many disposable products. Once you get the hang of it, a menstrual cup can be less irritating on the skin, and more comfortable that traditional products . But again, be aware, proper sanitation is critical to avoid bacterial growth.

Key Takeaways:

• Feminine hygiene products can contain chemicals like dioxins, PFAS, phthalates, and parabens—linked to hormonal imbalances, reproductive issues, and even cancer.

• Everyday items such as polyester underwear, certain hair-care products, over-the-counter pain relievers, pesticide-laden produce, and plastic containers can further increase your toxic load.

• Label-checking and brand research are crucial: seek organic, fragrance-free, phthalate-free, or paraben-free options. Look for reputable third-party certifications like GOTs or OKEO-TEX.

• Holistic adjustments—such as opting for organic foods, switching to glass or stainless steel containers, and using natural pain relief strategies—can significantly reduce your chemical exposure.

Your period products shouldn’t put your health at risk. By choosing non-toxic, transparent brands, and paying closer attention to chemicals hidden in everyday items (like underwear fabrics, shampoos, and plastics) you reduce chemical exposure and and better protect your hormones, fertility, and long-term health. protect your well-being. Every small switch truly counts—for your body, your peace of mind, and the planet.